Thursday
Evening Bible Study
September
29, 2016
Introduction
Do people see Jesus? Is the gospel
preached? Does it address the person who is: Empty, lonely, guilty, or afraid
to die? Does it speak to the broken
hearted? Does it build up the church? Milk – Meat – Manna Preach for a decision
Is the church loved? Target 3300 words
Video = 75 wpm
The English word psalm comes
from a Greek word that means “a poem sung to musical accompaniment”, or in
particular, “stringed instruments”.
The Hebrew name is tehillim,
which means “praises.”
In Two weeks we will have new classes: (Oct. 20 – Nov. 17)
David Cathers – using Chuck Smith’s book “Calvary Chapel Distinctives” –
this is what Calvary Chapel is all about.
Dave Ritner – using Warren Wiersbe’s book “50 People Every Christian Should
Know: Learning from Spiritual Giants of
the Faith”. It’s about significant
people in church history.
The book of Psalms is the hymnbook of God’s people.
It’s also the “Him” book as well. It’s all about Jesus.
The writer of Hebrews quotes from
Psalm 40:8 when he writes,
(Hebrews 10:7 NKJV) Then I
said, ‘Behold, I have come— In the
volume of the book it is written of Me— To do Your will, O God.’ ”
The author was talking about Jesus.
We’re going to see a lot of Jesus
in the Psalms.
Soul Music
Music touches the soul. It’s
“soulish” in nature. It touches the emotions.
We’re going to find every kind of
emotion possible expressed in the Psalms.
For every sigh there is a Psalm.
For most of us, this is what makes
the Psalms so wonderful. We can identify. We can relate.
If we were honest, even darkest
most depressing Psalms describe the very things we go through day by day.
It is my prayer that as we continue
on this journey through the Psalms, we won’t just look at these songs
academically, with our mind, but that we may also grow as worshippers.
Psalm 71 – Old Faith
This appears to be a song that David wrote in his old age:
(Psalm 71:9 NKJV) Do not cast
me off in the time of old age; Do not forsake me when my strength fails.
(Psalm 71:18 NKJV) Now also
when I am old and grayheaded, O God, do not forsake me…
It’s not fun to approach “old age”.
Your body breaks down, and people treat you differently.
Illustration
Seems an elderly gentleman had serious hearing problems for a number of
years. He went to the doctor and the doctor was able to have him fitted for a
set of hearing aids that allowed the gentleman to hear 100%. The elderly
gentleman went back in a month to the doctor and the doctor said, “your hearing
is perfect. Your family must be really pleased you can hear again.” To which
the gentleman said, “Oh, I haven’t told my family yet. I just sit around and
listen to the conversations. I’ve changed my will three times!”
:1 In You, O Lord, I put my
trust; Let me never be put to shame.
:2 Deliver me in Your righteousness, and cause me to escape; Incline Your
ear to me, and save me.
:3 Be my strong refuge, To which I may resort continually; You have given
the commandment to save me, For You are my rock and my fortress.
:3 Be my strong refuge
strong – tsuwr – rock,
cliff
Throughout David’s younger life, he spent a lot of time on the run from
Saul, hiding in caves, hiding in the rocks.
Another word he uses here:
rock – cela’–
crag, cliff, rock
fortress – matsuwd –
stronghold
The word “Masada” comes from this word.
We think he may have even hidden at places in the wilderness similar to
Masada.
Here’s a view from the top of Masada:
God is the one we can run to when we’re in trouble. He’s unmovable. He’s unchangeable. We are safe with Him.
:4 Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked, Out of the hand of
the unrighteous and cruel man.
:4 Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked
When you watch commercials on TV about retirement, it looks like it’s so
fun, just playing golf … or walking your pig…
For some people, retiring means saying goodbye to all those “haters”…
David is old and he’s still having troubles.
A.W. Tozer: “This life is not a playground, it’s a battleground”
The battles don’t stop when you retire, they stop when you get to heaven.
:5 For You are my hope, O Lord God;
You are my trust from my youth.
:5 my trust from my youth
trust – mibtach
– trust, confidence, refuge
David lived into his seventies.
He has had his struggles and his doubts, but he’s trusted God throughout
his life.
:6 By You I have been upheld from birth; You are He who took me out of my
mother’s womb. My praise shall be continually of You.
:7 I have become as a wonder to many, But You are my strong refuge.
:7 I have become as a wonder to many
wonder – mowpheth
– wonder, sign, miracle, portent; wonder (as a special display of God’s
power)
In our passage, another translation …
(Psalm 71:7 NLT) My life is
an example to many, because you have been my strength and protection.
In the prophet Isaiah’s life, God used his family life as an illustration
of things to come, even giving his children names that meant something to
Israel’s future:
(Isaiah 8:18 NKJV) Here am I
and the children whom the Lord
has given me! We are
for signs and wonders in Israel…
The prophet Ezekiel did some crazy
things in his life, like laying on his side for a year, eating a strange kind
of bread, and other things…
(Ezekiel 12:6b NKJV) …for I have
made you a sign to the house of Israel.”
Lesson
Actions speak
What does my life show to others?
Paul wrote Timothy,
(1 Timothy 4:12
NLT) Don’t let anyone think less of you because you are young. Be an
example to all believers in what you say, in the way you live, in your love,
your faith, and your purity.
What do others learn about God from my life?
Sometimes we are teaching the wrong lesson…
Video: Values
– Road Rage
Sometimes we are teaching the right lesson …
Video: Values – Holding
the Light
David’s life wasn’t perfect, but overall he was an example of the truth
that God could be trusted.
:8 Let my mouth be filled with Your praise And with Your
glory all the day.
:8 Let my mouth be filled with Your praise
Not complaining but praising.
When some people get older, all they do is complain and criticize.
Illustration
A small town prosecuting attorney called his first witness to the stand in
a trial-a grandmotherly, elderly woman. He approached her and asked, “Mrs.
Jones, do you know me?” She responded, “Why, yes, I do know you Mr. Williams.
I’ve known you since you were a young boy. And frankly, you’ve been a big
disappointment to me. You lie, you cheat on your wife, you manipulate people
and talk about them behind their backs. You think you’re a rising big shot when
you haven’t the brains to realize you never will amount to anything more than a
two-bit paper pusher. Yes, I know you.” The lawyer was stunned. Not knowing
what else to do he pointed across the room and asked, “Mrs. Williams, do you
know the defense attorney?” She again replied, “Why, yes I do. I’ve known Mr.
Bradley since he was a youngster, too. I used to baby-sit him for his parents.
And he, too, has been a real disappointment to me. He’s lazy, bigoted, he has a
drinking problem. The man can’t build a normal relationship with anyone and his
law practice is one of the shoddiest in the entire state. Yes, I know him.” At
this point, the judge rapped the courtroom to silence and called both
counselors to the bench. In a very quiet voice, he said with menace, “If either
of you asks her if she knows me, you’ll be jailed for contempt!
In contrast, David is asking that his life would be filled with praise to
God.
:9 Do not cast me off in the time of old age; Do not forsake me when my
strength fails.
:9 Do not cast me off in the time of old age
It’s a scary prospect to be getting old and wondering if anyone is going to
be caring for you.
I visited with a couple in the hospital this week.
He is the one in the hospital with huge, serious health problems that have
gone on for five years now. He’s been on
death’s door several times, including this week.
The wife has been at his side through the entire ordeal.
A while ago he was talking to a friend about what has been happening in his
life, and the subject came up of what it would be like to be married to someone
with his health problems, and the friend said, “I’d have been gone a long time
ago”.
It’s a rare thing to see a couple actually taking their
vows seriously, “for better or for worse, in sickness and in health…”
And now to top it all off, she’s got cancer and is going through her own
chemo therapy.
Will you be alone when you go through difficulty?
David is trusting that God will be with him to the end.
:10 For my enemies speak against me; And those who lie in wait for my life
take counsel together,
:11 Saying, “God has forsaken him; Pursue and take him, for there is
none to deliver him.”
:11 God has forsaken him
Some people will come to this conclusion when you go through difficulty.
It’s not true.
(Hebrews 13:5b
NKJV) …For He Himself has said, “I will never leave you nor forsake
you.”
:12 O God, do not be far from me; O my God, make haste to help me!
:13 Let them be confounded and consumed Who are adversaries of my
life; Let them be covered with reproach and dishonor Who seek my hurt.
:13 Let them be confounded
confounded – buwsh
– to put to shame, be ashamed
This is a word used frequently by
David and the other Psalmists. It’s used
34 times in the Psalms.
(Psalm 35:4 NKJV) Let those
be put to shame and brought to dishonor Who seek
after my life…
(Psalm 40:14 NKJV) Let them
be ashamed and brought to mutual confusion Who seek
to destroy my life…
(Psalm 70:2 NKJV) Let them
be ashamed and confounded Who seek
my life…
David is asking for God to deal
with this people.
:14 But I will hope continually, And will praise You yet more and more.
:14 I will hope continually
David was looking forward, not backward.
Lot’s wife had a problem because she
looked back.
David is looking forward.
Illustration
“On Winston Churchill’s seventy-fifth birthday, a photographer said, ‘I
hope sir, that I will shoot your picture on your hundredth birthday.’ Churchill
answered: ‘I don’t see why not, young man. You look reasonably fit and
healthy’.”
-- William
Manchester, The Last Lion: Visions of Glory
:15 My mouth shall tell of Your righteousness And Your salvation all
the day, For I do not know their limits.
:15 For I do not know their limits
(Psalm 71:15
NASB95) …For I do not know the sum of them.
(Psalm 71:15 ESV) My mouth
will tell of your righteous acts, of your deeds of salvation all the day, for
their number is past my knowledge.
(Psalm 71:15 NIV) …though I
know not how to relate them all.
Though David is talking about the number of times that God has saved him, I
can’t help but think of that song,
“I’ll never know how much it cost to see my sin upon the cross”
What God has done for our salvation is absolutely amazing.
:16 I will go in the strength of the Lord God;
I will make mention of Your righteousness, of Yours only.
:16 I will go in the strength of the Lord God
Some people seem to quit life after a certain age.
Even when he’s old, David will still go forward.
When John Wesley was in his eighties,
He complained that he was sleeping too late, sleeping until 4:30am.
He complained that he could only preach twice a day.
He learned 10 new languages after the age of sixty.
:17 O God, You have taught me from my youth; And to this day I
declare Your wondrous works.
:17 You have taught me from my youth
Lesson
What has God taught you
lately?
David has been taught by God from his youth.
Now that David is old, he is still being taught by God.
Sometimes we can fall into the trap of thinking that “old ways” are the
best, and there’s not much new to learn…
Aren’t you glad you can enjoy 100 years of toilet paper
progress?
Are you still being taught by God?
We go through periods where we seem to stop learning. We know all the
stories. We know all the Bible verses. We don’t think there’s anything new to
learn.
There is so much more to learn about the Lord.
Not so much things that are “new”, but things that are deeper. Having a
fresh and deeper understanding of things that are old.
I was thinking today about
something the pastor said last Sunday about stewards.
(1 Corinthians 4:1–2 NKJV) —1 Let a man
so consider us, as servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God. 2 Moreover it is required in stewards that one be found faithful.
I was thinking
about how I want to be careful to be a faithful steward of God’s Word as I
teach you.
This morning I was also thinking
about:
(Isaiah 55:10–11 NKJV) —10 “For as
the rain comes down, and the snow from heaven, And do not return there, But water
the earth, And make it bring
forth and bud, That it may give seed
to the sower And bread to the
eater, 11 So shall My word be that goes forth from
My mouth; It shall not return to
Me void, But it shall
accomplish what I please, And it
shall prosper in the thing for which I sent it.
:18 Now also when I am old and grayheaded, O God, do not forsake me,
Until I declare Your strength to this generation, Your power to everyone
who is to come.
:18 I declare Your strength to this generation
declare – nagad
– (Hiphil) to tell, declare; report; make known, expound
Lesson
Pass it on
David wants to teach the next generation about God’s power.
The Levites were supposed to serve the congregation from the ages of 30-50.
When you got to fifty, you stepped into a different role to take those that
were 25 years old and mentor them to serve in the ministry.
Jesus’ ministry wasn’t just one of speaking to the large crowds. He had his
twelve disciples around him. He had the inner three that spent the most time
with Him. He poured His life into them.
Paul too was constantly discipling others around him.
(Acts 20:4 NKJV) And Sopater
of Berea accompanied him to Asia—also Aristarchus and Secundus of the
Thessalonians, and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of
Asia.
Just about wherever he went, Paul was taking men with him,
training them to be the next generation of disciples.
Paul wrote to Timothy to continue this practice,
(2 Timothy 2:2
NKJV) And the things that you have heard from me among many witnesses,
commit these to faithful men who will be able to teach others also.
Who are you passing it on to?
Don’t make “discipling” into some hard to accomplish task.
Just spend time with someone younger.
Build relationships.
:19 Also Your righteousness, O God, is very high, You who have done
great things; O God, who is like You?
:20 You, who have shown me great and severe troubles, Shall revive me
again, And bring me up again from the depths of the earth.
:20 bring me up again from the depths of the earth
David is expressing his hope in the resurrection, 1,000 years before Jesus.
God will bring him back from the
dead.
Lesson
Hope
Our hope is based on the fact that
Jesus rose from the dead.
Our sins have been paid for
(1 Corinthians 15:17 NKJV) And if
Christ is not risen, your faith is futile; you are still in your sins!
We can face difficulty
Paul wrote,
(1 Corinthians 15:30–32 NKJV) —30 And why do we stand in jeopardy every hour? 31 I affirm, by the boasting in you which I have in Christ Jesus our
Lord, I die daily. 32 If, in the
manner of men, I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantage is it
to me? If the dead do not rise, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow
we die!”
We can face difficult times in this
life because we know that this life isn’t all there is. There is more. There is something on the other side to live
for.
We too will rise from the dead.
(1 Thessalonians 4:13–18 NKJV) —13 But
I do not want you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who have fallen
asleep, lest you sorrow as others who have no hope. 14 For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so God
will bring with Him those who sleep in Jesus. 15 For this we say to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are
alive and remain until the coming of the Lord will by no means precede
those who are asleep. 16 For the
Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an
archangel, and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first.
17 Then we who are alive and remain
shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the
air. And thus we shall always be with the Lord. 18 Therefore comfort one another with these words.
Whether we are
already dead when the Rapture occurs, or if we are still alive, we will receive
new bodies and be with the Lord.
:21 You shall increase my greatness, And comfort me on every side.
Perhaps David is still talking about after the resurrection.
:22 Also with the lute I will praise You— And Your faithfulness, O
my God! To You I will sing with the harp, O Holy One of Israel.
:22 I will sing with the harp
Though David might be talking about praising God with instruments in his
old age, he could also be talking about praising God in heaven.
John wrote about harps in heaven:
(Revelation 14:2
NKJV) And I heard a voice from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and
like the voice of loud thunder. And I heard the sound of harpists playing their
harps.
:23 My lips shall greatly rejoice when I sing to You, And my soul, which
You have redeemed.
:24 My tongue also shall talk of Your righteousness all the day long; For
they are confounded, For they are brought to shame Who seek my hurt.
:24 they are brought to shame
David had prayed for this (vs. 13), and now David says that God has done
it.
Psalm 72 – The Good King
: A Psalm Of Solomon.
Some translations say “of Solomon”
It certainly describes the reign of Solomon.
It also describes the reign of Jesus when He comes back.
Note: For next time – look at the parallel in
Isaiah 60. It mentions Tarshish and
Sheba. It mentions gifts for the king. It talks about the Messiah’s reign.
:1 Give the king Your judgments, O God, And Your righteousness to the
king’s Son.
:1 Give the king Your judgments, O God
This is Solomon’s prayer for God to guide him in the business of making
wise decisions and judgments over the people.
The king was the supreme court in the land, the final judgment.
When Solomon first became king, he was still young. God appeared to him in a dream and said He
would give Solomon whatever he asked.
Solomon asked…
(1 Kings 3:9 NKJV) Therefore
give to Your servant an understanding heart to judge Your people, that I may
discern between good and evil. For who is able to judge this great people of
Yours?”
That’s exactly what God gave Solomon.
Shortly after this, Solomon was faced with an impossible court case where
two women were arguing over who was the mother of a baby. After Solomon made his decision…
(1 Kings 3:28 NKJV)
And
all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had rendered; and they feared
the king, for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him to administer
justice.
What you don’t know is that there was another difficult court case shortly
after that, a story not found in the Bible…
The Wisdom of Solomon
Two women came before wise King Solomon, dragging between them a young man
in a three-piece suit. “This young CPA agreed to marry my daughter,” said one.
“No! He agreed to marry MY daughter,” said the other. And so they haggled
before the King, until he called for silence. “Bring me my biggest sword,” said
Solomon,” and I shall hew the young accountant in half. Each of you shall receive
a half.” “Sounds good to me,” said the first lady. But the other woman said,
“Oh Sire, do not spill innocent blood. Let the other woman’s daughter marry
him.” The wise king did not hesitate a moment. “The accountant must marry the
first lady’s daughter,” he proclaimed. “But she was willing to hew him in two!”
exclaimed the king’s court. “Indeed,” said wise King Solomon. “That shows she
is the TRUE mother-in-law.”
:2 He will judge Your people with righteousness, And Your poor with
justice.
:3 The mountains will bring peace to the people, And the little hills, by
righteousness.
:4 He will bring justice to the poor of the people; He will save the
children of the needy, And will break in pieces the oppressor.
:4 save the children of the needy
A righteous king cares for the poor.
:5 They shall fear You As long as the sun and moon endure, Throughout all
generations.
:6 He shall come down like rain upon the grass before mowing, Like showers that
water the earth.
:6 like rain upon the grass before mowing
In California, we don’t actually know what this means…
A good ruler is refreshing for the people.
:7 In His days the righteous shall flourish, And abundance of peace, Until
the moon is no more.
:7 Until the moon is no more
In other words, for a very long time.
This wasn’t Solomon.
When Jesus returns, He will reign for 1,000 years.
:8 He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, And from the River to the
ends of the earth.
:8 dominion also from sea to sea
This is talking first of the extent of Solomon’s reign.
From the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea.
Extending as far as the Euphrates River (modern Iraq)
It’s talking ultimately about Jesus’ reign (not about us taking
dominion)
(Daniel 2:44 NKJV) And in the
days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never
be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break
in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever.
(Daniel 7:14 NKJV) Then to Him
was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, That all peoples, nations, and
languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, Which shall
not pass away, And His
kingdom the one Which shall not be destroyed.
:9 Those who dwell in the wilderness will bow before Him, And His enemies will
lick the dust.
:10 The kings of Tarshish and of the isles Will bring presents; The kings
of Sheba and Seba Will offer gifts.
:10 The kings of Tarshish … presents
Solomon sent ships to Tarshish (possibly located in southern Spain).
(2 Chronicles 9:21
NKJV) For the king’s ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram.
Once every three years the merchant ships came, bringing gold, silver, ivory,
apes, and monkeys.
:10 Sheba and Seba … gifts
The Queen of Sheba visited Solomon (Sheba may have been in present day
Yemen, in southwestern Arabia)
(1 Kings 10:1–2
NKJV) —1 Now when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning
the name of the Lord, she came to
test him with hard questions. 2 She came to Jerusalem with a very great retinue, with camels that
bore spices, very much gold, and precious stones; and when she came to Solomon,
she spoke with him about all that was in her heart.
:11 Yes, all kings shall fall down before Him; All nations shall serve Him.
:11 all kings shall fall down before Him
Even though Solomon was a great king, ultimately this is speaking of Jesus.
(Philippians
2:10–11 NKJV) —10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in
heaven, and of those on earth, and of those under the earth, 11 and that
every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of
God the Father.
:12 For He will deliver the needy when he cries, The poor also, and him
who has no helper.
:13 He will spare the poor and needy, And will save the souls of the needy.
:14 He will redeem their life from oppression and violence; And precious
shall be their blood in His sight.
:12 He will deliver the needy
God’s idea of a “good king” was one who would treat all people fairly and
not just those who were wealthy.
Lesson
Impartial Decisions
Part of a king’s job was to be a judge, sort of a Supreme Court.
One of God’s main rules for judges –
A king or judge wasn’t supposed to be influenced by who gave him the
biggest bribe.
(Deuteronomy
16:18–20 NLT) —18 “Appoint judges and officials for yourselves from each of your
tribes in all the towns the Lord
your God is giving you. They must judge the people fairly. 19 You must
never twist justice or show partiality. Never accept a bribe, for bribes blind
the eyes of the wise and corrupt the decisions of the godly. 20 Let true
justice prevail, so you may live and occupy the land that the Lord your God is giving you.
Today we are concerned about politicians and special
interest groups that sway political decisions with their “gifts”.
Just like a king, we need to be
careful that our decisions aren’t based on the wrong kinds of motives.
(James 2:1–9 NLT) —1 My
dear brothers and sisters, how can you claim to have faith in our glorious Lord
Jesus Christ if you favor some people over others? 2 For example, suppose someone comes into your meeting dressed in
fancy clothes and expensive jewelry, and another comes in who is poor and
dressed in dirty clothes. 3 If you
give special attention and a good seat to the rich person, but you say to the poor
one, “You can stand over there, or else sit on the floor”—well, 4 doesn’t this discrimination show that your judgments are guided
by evil motives? 5 Listen to me, dear
brothers and sisters. Hasn’t God chosen the poor in this world to be rich in
faith? Aren’t they the ones who will inherit the Kingdom he promised to those
who love him? 6 But you dishonor the
poor! Isn’t it the rich who oppress you and drag you into court? 7 Aren’t they the ones who slander Jesus Christ, whose noble name
you bear? 8 Yes indeed, it is good
when you obey the royal law as found in the Scriptures: “Love your neighbor as
yourself.” 9 But if you favor some
people over others, you are committing a sin. You are guilty of breaking the
law.
This doesn’t mean
we can’t ever do anything nice for someone we like. But it means that we need
to be making decisions based on what’s right, not what pleases people we want
to gain influence with.
With our upcoming elections – we need to pray that God would be merciful
and help us elect people who will be impartial and people who would make right
decisions.
Because of the spin and bias in various media outlets, it’s hard to know
what to believe about our candidates.
:15 And He shall live; And the gold of Sheba will be given to Him; Prayer
also will be made for Him continually, And daily He shall be praised.
:15 And He shall live
live – chayah – to live,
have life, remain alive, live for ever, be restored to life or health
This might simply be the old saying, “Long Live the King”.
It might mean that if they do justice, the king’s life will be longer, but
there could be more.
I can’t help but think of how this describes Jesus.
Our King lives.
:16 There will be an abundance of grain in the earth, On the top of the
mountains; Its fruit shall wave like Lebanon; And those of the city
shall flourish like grass of the earth.
:17 His name shall endure forever; His name shall continue as long as the
sun. And men shall be blessed in Him; All nations shall call Him
blessed.
:17 All nations shall call Him blessed
Ultimately, this is talking about Jesus.
:18 Blessed be the Lord
God, the God of Israel, Who only does wondrous things!
:19 And blessed be His glorious name forever! And let the whole
earth be filled with His glory. Amen and Amen.
:18 Blessed be the Lord
God
vss. 18-19 are a “doxology”, praise to God.
:20 The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended.
:20 The prayers of David … are ended
We are now at the end of one of the “books” of Psalms.
The Psalms are divided into five books:
Book I: Ps. 1-41
Book II: Ps. 42-72
Book III: Ps. 73-89
Book IV: Ps. 90-106
Book V: Ps. 107-150
Each “Book” ends with a “doxology” similar to the one in vs. 18-19.
(Psalm 41:13 NKJV) Blessed be
the Lord God of Israel From everlasting to everlasting! Amen and Amen.
This is actually not all the songs that David wrote. There will be 18 more
Psalms that have David’s name on them. It may be that this phrase was put on an
early collection of David’s songs, and the rest were added later.